Toxic Chemicals Discovered in Fast Food Packages May Seep into Food
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Toxic Chemicals Discovered in Fast Food Packages May Seep into Food

Greaseproof wrappers often contain PFAS “forever chemicals” that can transfer to your meal

August 1, 2025

Fast food remains a staple for millions of Americans, but beyond calories and sodium there is a newer concern: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS. Sometimes called “forever chemicals,” PFAS resist heat, water and oil, which makes them ideal for greaseproof packaging. Yet a growing body of research shows they migrate into foods and the human body, raising risks of cancer, thyroid problems, liver damage and immune effects. Since the original 2017 study from Silent Spring Institute, regulators, industry and consumers have taken action. But many wrappers still contain PFAS, and fast food meals remain a key exposure source. Read on for the latest science, regulations, brand commitments, safer alternatives and North Carolina resources to protect yourself.

What are PFAS and why are they a concern?

PFAS are a class of thousands of synthetic chemicals first developed in the 1940s for nonstick cookware, stain- and water-repellent fabrics, firefighting foam and food packaging. They are nicknamed forever chemicals because they do not break down in the environment or body and accumulate over time. Human exposure comes from contaminated food, water, air and consumer products. Once ingested, PFAS concentrate in the liver and blood, triggering a range of health effects. The most-studied compounds, PFOA and PFOS, were voluntarily phased out starting in 2002. Yet millions of tons of legacy PFAS remain in landfill leachate and recycled paper. Newer PFAS substitutes such as GenX and ADONA are also under scrutiny for similar toxicity.

Key findings from recent studies

Since 2017, scientists have expanded testing to dozens more fast food chains. A 2022 peer-reviewed study in Environmental Science & Technology Letters examined 600 wrappers, bags and cups from national brands and regional chains in ten states. It found PFAS in 54 percent of paper wrappers, 22 percent of paperboard boxes and 37 percent of beverage cups. Average fluorine levels exceeded 200 parts per million in waffle-cone holders and burrito wrappers. Children’s meal packaging often contained higher PFAS levels than adult items. A 2023 follow-up from Johns Hopkins measured PFAS migrating into french fries and burgers at levels up to 100 nanograms per gram of food, concentrations linked to measurable blood increases in frequent consumers.

Regulatory updates since 2017

In response to mounting evidence, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2021 announced a national PFAS Strategic Roadmap. Key actions include testing 1,500 food contact materials by 2026, evaluating health risks and setting new packaging limits. The Food and Drug Administration is proposing to prohibit nonessential PFAS in greaseproof wrappers by 2027. Several states, including Maine, Washington and Colorado, have already banned PFAS in paper food packaging from 2024 onward. North Carolina has joined a multistate PFAS coalition, working with the Southern States Energy Board to test local landfills and recycling facilities. The NC Department of Environmental Quality is reviewing state code for packaging standards and will propose advisory guidelines this fall.

Fast food chains’ PFAS commitments

After consumer and investor pressure, dozens of major brands have pledged PFAS-free packaging by specified deadlines. McDonald’s aims for 100 percent PFAS-free packaging globally by 2025. Burger King, Chick-fil-A and Yum Brands (KFC, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut) have similar targets. Smaller regional chains such as Bojangles and Zaxby’s committed by end of 2024. However, an April 2025 survey by the Environmental Working Group found half of surveyed restaurants had yet to fully eliminate PFAS. Some continue using recycled fiber containing legacy PFAS. Always check the chain’s latest sustainability report before assuming your meal is PFAS-safe.

Emerging PFAS-free packaging alternatives

Several innovative greaseproof materials now compete with PFAS-coated paper. Polylactic acid (PLA) coatings derived from corn or sugarcane resist grease without fluorinated chemicals. Silicone-based liners offer high heat resistance and can be composted in industrial facilities. Beeswax-infused papers provide natural water and oil barriers for sandwiches and wraps. Mushroom mycelium molded pulp has shown promise as a fully compostable box material. Commercial trials by Dunkin’ and Panera demonstrate functional performance and lower cost when scaled. Ask your local franchise whether they use any of these options.

Tips for North Carolina consumers

  • Bring your own containers: use reusable, PFAS-free sandwich wraps, silicone pouches or stainless steel tins when ordering to-go items.
  • Drain and transfer: If you must use restaurant packaging, transfer food to your own plate or bowl before reheating or eating.
  • Limit high-grease items: french fries, pizza slices and breakfast biscuits often have the highest PFAS migration rates.
  • Look for chain announcements: many franchises post PFAS-free packaging updates on their websites and apps under sustainability or news sections.
  • Support local shops: independent local delis may use uncoated wax paper or foil wrappers without PFAS.

North Carolina resources and reporting

  • NC Department of Environmental Quality: PFAS testing data, fish consumption advisories and guidance for residents at deq.nc.gov/pfas.
  • NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services: Food Safety Division inspects packaging compliance; inquiries at 919-707-3155 or ncagr.gov/fs_index.
  • NC Attorney General Consumer Protection: File complaints about deceptive “chemical-free” labeling at ncdoj.gov/consumer or call 919-716-6000.
  • Local extension offices: Ask your county’s Cooperative Extension center about alternative packaging grants and vendor lists.

Conclusion

Greaseproof fast food packaging remains a significant source of PFAS exposure, even as many chains pledge to eliminate them. With stronger federal rules anticipated and safer PFAS-free alternatives proliferating, consumers have more options than ever. In North Carolina, you can report suspect packaging, choose establishments using verified PFAS-free materials and adopt reusable containers to cut your risk. By staying informed on the latest studies, regulations and chain commitments, you can continue enjoying your favorite drive-thru meal without sacrificing health.